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Challenges in applying criminal liability rules to unlawful acts committed by artificial intelligence
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Mohammad Salem Al-Shahin 
, Manal Omar Al-Braizat , Ruba Hmaidan , Said Ali Ahmad Abu Nseir
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
This study considers the issue of applying criminal liability to illegal activities committed through artificial intelligence (AI). It concludes that AI technologies cannot be influenced independently by manufacturers, programmers, or users due to a lack of recognition and discrimination. The research plan is divided into two parts. The first is about the concept and nature of AI, while the second studies the purpose of criminal liability arising from the use of AI. This study recommends updating the Jordanian legal basis and consolidating the legal elements of crimes related to the accusation by determining illegal activities and clarifying criminal liability against users and developers, taking into account the lack of clear legal provisions in the current law. The paper is relevant to the literature, as it will help in demystifying the criminal liability model and approach to users and developers of AI with reference to the Jordanian law.
Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Criminal Liability, Criminal Liability Parties
Authors’ individual contribution: Conceptualization — M.S.A.-S.; Methodology — M.O.A.-B.; Validation — S.A.A.A.N.; Formal Analysis — M.O.A.-B.; Investigation — R.H.; Data Curation — R.H.; Writing — Original Draft — M.O.A.-B.; Writing — Review & Editing — M.S.A.-S. and S.A.A.A.N.; Visualization — R.H.; Supervision — M.S.A.-S.; Funding Acquisition — M.S.A.-S.
Declaration of conflicting interests: The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
JEL Classification: K14, K24, K42
Received: 05.10.2025
Revised: 07.02.2026; 18.02.2026
Accepted: 06.03.2026
Published online: 10.03.2026
How to cite this paper: Al-Shahin, M. S., Al-Braizat, M. O., Hmaidan, R., & Abu Nseir, S. A. A. (2026). Challenges in applying criminal liability rules to unlawful acts committed by artificial intelligence. Corporate Law & Governance Review, 8(2), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.22495/clgrv8i2p3
