Have we reached artificial general intelligence? Comparison of ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini to human literacy and education benchmarks

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Abstract

Recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini, have prompted questions about their proximity to artificial general intelligence (AGI). This quantitative study compares LLMs’ performance on educational benchmarks. A quantitative research methodology and secondary exploratory analysis were used to test the proposed hypothesis, stating that current LLMs, including ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini, possess AGI by comparing their educational metric scores to public education standards. This study used an ex-post research design, whereby secondary data from authoritative sources were collected to compare educational achievements and human literacy levels with the AI model’s performance on similar tasks. The results show that LLMs significantly outperform human benchmarks in tasks such as undergraduate knowledge and advanced reading comprehension (ARC), indicating substantial progress toward AGI.

Keywords: Large Language Models, Artificial Intelligence, ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, Artificial General Intelligence

Authors’ individual contribution: The Author is responsible for all the contributions to the paper according to CRediT (Contributor Roles Taxonomy) standards.

Declaration of conflicting interests: The Author declares that there is no conflict of interest.

JEL Classification: I23, L86, O33

Received: 29.09.2024
Accepted: 10.03.2025
Published online: 13.03.2025

How to cite this paper: Akpan, M. (2025). Have we reached artificial general intelligence? Comparison of ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini to human literacy and education benchmarks. Corporate Ownership & Control, 22(1), 103–110. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv22i1art8